The Role of Play in Socialization

According to Lew and Campbell (2005), "The musical play of children is a worldwide phenomenon...Play is an important medium for learning in young children's lives-wherever they may be. It assists them in their development of language and reasoning skills, and it fosters social competence and peer-group interaction." Below, I have included a video of a children's circle game filmed in Haiti. I have a small population of students in my school who have immigrated from Haiti. This circle game reminds me of many activities I do in my classroom. The students form a circle, someone in the center picks a student for a specific reason, then the new student is left to repeat the process. Circle games, such as this, are very important for child development no matter what song is being sung during the game. Students are forced to socialize with new students, use reasoning skills when determining who to pick, and then also building their musical skills by continuing the song during play. A goal for my classroom is to find a circle game from Haiti, such as the one in the video, to sing and play with my students. This would be a great way to connect my Haitian students to the rest of the student population, while also opening an opportunity to discuss life in Haiti.

Resource: Lew, J. C., & Campbell, P. S. (2005). Children's Natural and Necessary Musical Play: Global Context, Local Applications. Music Educators Journal, 91(5), 57-62. Retrieved November 24, 2017.

Title of Piece: Haitian schoolyard song and dance

Performers: school-aged children and adults

Culture of Origin: Haiti

Instrumentation: voice and body percussion

Creating World Music in the Classroom

Indian music played on the sitar is known for its underlying drone upon which the performer improvises. This drone concept can be easily reproduced in the classroom using guitars or, in my classroom, metallophones. To create a drone, I would have students play C and G together on the metallophone as a steady beat. The metal metallophone bar will ring and create a drone effect. Next, I would demonstrate how to improvise. I would start simple, by having students play only 8 quarter notes, but picking any bars they would like to play within a C pentatonic scale. I would remind them, when improvising you do not always have to change the pitch or bar, but you can play the same one twice. Using a C pentatonic scale will allow all improvisations to sound "good" without clashing tones in the ensemble. Then, we would further explore improvising by playing quarter notes and eighth notes. I would allow all students a turn to improvise over the drone. Although you may not have cultural specific instruments, you can always expose your students to musical concepts practiced in other cultures with the resources you do have within your classroom.

 

Title: Raag Khamaj

Performers: Ravi Shankar, Anoushka Shankar, and others

Culture of Origin: India

Instrumentation: sitar and tablas

Authenticity in Music Classrooms

Authenticity in Music Classrooms

In Can't We Just Change the Words?, Koops (2010) discusses the importance of authenticity in the music classroom. She explains that music educators have a duty to their students to provide them with the most authentic examples of cultural music as possible. For example, "In order to understand and appreciate the Gambian music games, our students need to experience them as closely to the original context as possible. This means watching a video of Gabmian children playing the games, listening to a recording, learning the Mandinka words, playing along with the recording, and then learning to play on their own" (Koops 2010). This article immediately made me think of a Latin American song I teach my kindergarteners later in the school year, Los Pollitos.

Although the song is originally in Spanish with multiple verses, my textbook only provides the teacher with 1 verse in Spanish and with an English translation. I have always taught my students the original Spanish words and their translation, but I always have the students perform in Spanish. I have always noticed it is more difficult for students to learn the original Spanish verse; it takes them more time to learn the words and pronunciations, and it is more challenging for them to remember and sing the song on their own. To help them be more successful and to increase authenticity, it would be beneficial to play a recording of a native Spanish speaker for the students and find a recording of Spanish children singing the song. Both of these examples would help my students hear the correct pronunciation of the words and allow them to personally relate to the song. A song that is sung by children who speak English fluently and who speak Spanish fluently.

Reference: Koops, L.H. (2010). Can't We Just Change the Words?. Music Educators Journal, 97(1), 23-28. doi:10.1177/0027432110376892

Title: Lost Pollitos Dicen

Performer: Female Vocalist

Culture of Origin: Latin America

Instrumentation: Midi Instruments - Xylophone and Percussion Instruments

Title: Perdon a un Valiente

Performers: Ignacio Lopez Tarso

Culture of Origin: Mexico

Instrumentation: Mariachi Band

Improvisation is a scary topic to teach and learn. The feeling of freedom to play anything you choose can be a daunting task. However, improvisation is not as free as you would think. Although you have the ability to play what and how you choose, most improvised music follows a musical structure. The structure might be a melodic line, chord accompaniment, or a musical form. For example, when performing a Mexican Corridor, like above, the audience expects to hear a specific melodic line or accompaniment, but they also expect to hear a slightly different variation with each performance. Maybe when playing or teaching improvisation, the musician should focus on the musical structure they are changing, rather than concentrate on their freedom to play however they choose. This change of focus may make the topic of improvisation less scary to musicians.

The Javanese Gamelan Ensemble exhibited in the video below uses colotomic meter. Colotomic meter means that one or more instruments in the ensemble, usually the pitched gongs, are assigned the musical role of keeping the tempo. Since the low gongs are in charge of keeping the tempo, the higher instruments must listen careful and play according to the beat given to them. In Western European Music, musicians are so often taught  to master their own individual part to a specific tempo. Listening to others and playing together as an ensemble are not always stressed skills. In the Javanese Gamelan Ensemble, without listening to others and playing together, the piece would not be successful.

Singa Nebah (The Pouncing Lion) by Pelog Barang

Northern Illinois University  School of Music

Indonesia

Javanese Gamelan Ensemble

The Study of Ethnomusicology and World Music Pedagogy

In The Harmless Drudge: Defining Ethnomusicology, Nettl defines ethnomusicology as the following: "Ethnomusicology is the study of music in a culture...[and] all the musical manifestations of a society...from a comparative and realistic perspective...using fieldwork." With this definition, it is easily shown that ethnomusicology is directly related to world music pedagogy. As discussed in Thinking About Music (Wade) and  The Contextual Dimension of Music Experience (Reimer), people must study the music of other cultures in order to correctly represent them in another culture's classroom. If we do not study the music in its originally culture, we cannot accurately portray or replicate the work. For example, the video below is a performance of Funga Alafia by Nana Malaya. Without the study of the African culture, we would not know this is a welcoming song, because we would not understand the language. We would not know the origin of the dance or dress of the African women with the scarf on their fingers. Without this information, provided by ethnomusicologists, we would not be able to accurately replicate the song in our own culture's classroom.

Funga Alafia

Performers: Nana Malaya and unnamed drummers

Culture of Origin: African often attributed to the Hausa tribes of Nigeria

Instrumentation: Voice

References:

Nettl, Bruno. “The Harmless Drudge: Defining Ethnomusicology.” The Musics of the World, 2005, pp. 3–15.

Reimer, Bennett. A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision. Prentice Hall, 2012.

Wade, Bonnie C. Thinking Musically: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford University Press, 2013.

Assessment and Technology

In my final blog for my Technology Assisted Music Learning course, we discussed assessment and professional productivity and how technology can be incorporated to enhance the processes. Technology can often make tasks simpler, quicker, and more accessible to the teacher, parents, and students.

To begin with, there are two main types of assessment, formative and summative.  According to Marzano (2006), formative assessment “involves both formal and informal procedures that provide information for the teacher and feedback to the student during the learning process. The goal of formative assessment is to allow the teacher and student to adapt their learning approaches to better achieve learning goals” (p. 146). While summative assessment “summarizes learning at a particular point in time, typically at the end of a project, unit, semester, or entire class. Through a summative assessment, teachers can determine whether students have accomplished learning goals and are ready to move on to new material or whether they need remediation” (p. 146). A teacher must use both forms of assessment to ensure their students’ success. Overall, formative assessment is used throughout the learning process, while summative assessment is used at the end.

In addition to formative and summative assessment, music courses also have authentic or performance-based assessment, which is equally as important. “Authentic [or performance-based] assessments require students to perform a task rather than to select or describe a response on a paper-and-pencil test” (p. 147). Music courses require this type of assessment due to the performance aspect of what they teach.  “A cognitive understanding of something doesn’t necessarily translate to the ability to do that thing (of course, the opposite is also true)” (p. 147). In music courses, teachers must use authentic or performance-based assessments in addition to paper-and-pencil assessments to determine the appropriate learning goals and scaffolding for their students. To become life-long musicians, students must be able to perform well on both forms of assessment, paper-and-pencil and performance-based.

Now the big question, how to use technology to make assessing students easier, quicker, and more interactive. During this module, we discussed numerous technology programs and apps that are useful for assessment. The first was Google Forms. Google Forms is a cloud-based program that can be used to create online tests and rubrics. Instead of creating a paper-and-pencil test that needs to be hand graded, a teacher can create a test in Google Forms using multiple choice, single text answer, paragraph answer, multiple checkbox answer, or drop-down list answer questions. After a student completes the test and submits their answers, their responses are automatically filed in a spreadsheet document, also contained in the cloud. Teachers can then use a program called Flubaroo to grade and email scores and test results to the students and/or parents. Additionally, teachers can use Google Forms to create online rubrics for papers and projects. The teacher can then complete the rubric for each project and likewise email results and comments to the students. Why create and grade a test when you can have technology do the grading for you?

In addition to Google Forms, a second technology tool we discussed was the SmartBoard. A SmartBoard is a phenomenal tool that increases the active engagement of students in the classroom exponentially. Students adore the opportunity to volunteer and interact with the board, by moving objects around the board, sorting items, or making selections.  Teachers can also use the board to create interactive assessments that can be saved for review after class or presentation. Teachers can also find numerous activity and assessment programs designed specifically for SmartBoards for free or purchase.

The final two programs discussed were programs used school-wide. For example, my school uses Aspen X2, which contains all grades and student information in one central cloud-based program. This allows grades and teacher feedback to be easily accessed by students and parents. A second example of a school-wide program is Class Dojo. Class Dojo is an online positive behavior incentive program, in which students are rewarded for positive behavior through Dojo Points. Likewise, students can lose points when the teacher deems it necessary. At fixed points throughout the year, students can attend incentive programs, such as a Fall Festival or Spring Fair, based on how many positive Dojo Points they have received. Additionally, parents are connected to the Dojo program and receive immediate notifications when their child receives a positive or negative Dojo Point. This keeps the parents informed on what is happening in the classroom at all times.

When incorporating technology, it is up to the teacher to determine what works best for him/her and the students. Technology will not replace generic forms of assessment, but it can make it simpler, quicker, and more accessible to the teacher, students, and parents.

References:

Bauer, W. I. (2014). Music Learning Today: Digital Pedagogy for Creating, Performing, and Responding to Music. New York: Oxford University Press.